[Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education - the leading educational institution in the country for the training of forensic medical personnel (for the 90th anniversary from the establishment of the department of forensic medicine)]. / Rossiiskaya meditsinskaya akademiya nepreryvnogo professional'nogo obrazovaniya ­ vedushchee obrazovatel'noe uchrezhdenie strany po podgotovke sudebno-meditsinskikh kadrov (k 90-letiyu so dnya obrazovaniya kafedry sudebnoi meditsiny).

The article presents a detailed analysis of the stages of formation, development and achievements of the forensic medicine department of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, established in 1933 yr. More than 100 resident doctors and 15 PhD students have been trained in the department for 90 years. As a part of additional professional education implementation, more than 800 cycles of training courses for forensic medical and forensic experts and more than 30 cycles of professional retraining for doctors of other specialties have been carried out. More than 160 thous. specialists have been trained at the department since its establishment. Many employees of the department were directly involved in the performance of the most complicated and socially significant forensic medical examinations. The article describes the main achievements and scientific directions of the department's staff activity, directions and prospects of improving the training of forensic medical personnel in the country.

Cytogenetic features of buccal epithelium under exposure to harmful factors of metallurgical production.

At the present stage of development of society, the issues of preserving and strengthening the most important productive force that determine the economic development and national security of the country remain relevant. Metallurgy is one of the basic industries in Russia, which forms up to 20% of GDP. This study assesses the condition of the oral mucosa in workers in the industry. To evaluate the formation of micronuclei in buccal cells as an early biomarker of health disorders as a result of occupational exposure to production factors of a metallurgical plant. Hygienic and clinical laboratory tests were carried out for workers of the metallurgical plant of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Cytological studies of the buccal epithelium were performed. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the applied programs IBM, SPSS, Statistics, Microsoft Excel. The general assessment of working conditions in accordance with the criteria of R.2.2.2006-05 for workers of the metallurgical plant was established as 3.2-3.3. Analysis of the buccal epithelium revealed the occurrence of cells with cytogenetic disorders in the workers of the main group. Cells with atypical nuclei were identified in workers with a duration of contact with unfavorable factors of production for more than ten years. Signs of nuclear destruction were revealed, characterizing an increase in apoptotic activity in workers with prolonged contact times. Studies have shown that with more than 10 years of work experience, proliferation processes prevail over differentiation processes. The results obtained can be used as diagnostic methods that expand the prospects for identifying pre-pathological and pathological conditions.

[The decade hemogram of workers of phthalate industry].

The article presents decade dynamics of hemogram of workers started their labor activity in factories of terephthalic acid, purifed terephthalic acid and polyethylene terephthalate. The study established a hemodynamics depended on career pattern, characterizing hematologic shifts i.e. decreasing of content of red blood elements, adaptative compensatory reactions of white blood, increasing of sensitization and allergizing.

[The interstitial disease of the lungs revealed by a histological study]. / Interstitsial'noe zabolevanie legkikh, ustanovlennoe gistologicheskim issledovaniem.

The authors report a case of the interstitial disease of the lungs revealed by a histological study that demonstrated intravital diagnostic faults in the patient in question. Moreover, a postmortem diagnostic error occurred; namely, the macroscopic study of the thoracic organs had shown the 0.5 cm long linear rupture of the adhesion in the right lung root region that was considered to be the cause of hemothorax and anemia of the internal organs which supposedly resulted in the patient's death. The definitive diagnosis of interstitial disease of the lungs was established based on the results of the histological study. The histological picture of the process is illustrated.

On the mechanism of erythrocyte hemolysis induced by photooxidized psoralen.

Contemporary concepts on a possible mechanism of erythrocyte hemolysis induced by photooxidized psoralen - the medicinal photosensitizing furocoumarin - are reviewed. The hypothesis on the mechanochemical mechanism of hemolysis is considered in view of recent data on photoinduced aggregation in photooxidized psoralen solutions. Appropriate chemical structures of photoproduct hemolysins and aggregating photoproducts are discussed.

[A method for differential diagnosis of death from coronary heart disease and alcoholic cardiomyopathy using diagnostic coefficients].

Differential diagnosis of the factors leading to deaths from cardiovascular diseases remains a mainstream activity in forensic medicine. Biochemical, macro and microscopic studies revealed the most informative and statistically significant diagnostic signs for the detection of these clinical conditions and differential diagnosis of coronary heart disease from alcoholic cardiomyopathy. A set of criteria is proposed for reliable scientifically sound differential diagnosis between the causes of death from these pathologies.

[The importance of biochemical studies for practical forensic-medical expert examination].

Sudden death along with differential diagnosis of deaths from coronary heart disease and alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a challenging problem in practical forensic medicine. Relevant investigations demonstrated the possibility to address it using a battery of biochemical methods, such as measurement of blood glucose level in heart cavities, lactate dehydrogenase activity in myocardium, etc.

[Forensic medical expert evaluation of lethal poisoning with narcotics]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaia ékspertiza smertel'nykh otravlenii narkoticheskimi veshchestvami.

Morphological manifestations of lethal narcotic poisoning are analyzed on the basis of results presented in "Acts of Medical Examination of Corpse" and "Expert Conclusions" on 352 cases with lethal narcotic poisoning, suspected (with good grounds) poisoning, and combined poisoning with narcotics and other agents. Causes of failure to detect narcotics in forensic chemical analysis of biological material from the corpse are enumerated.

[Central and peripheral mechanisms determining the degree of alcohol motivation in rats]. / Izuchenie tsentral'nykh i perifericheskikh mekhanizmov, opredeliaiushchikh vyrazhennost' alkogol'noi motivatsii u krys.

In experiments on albino rats divided in to groups with different behavioral activity under stress situation ("high active" and "low active") it was shown that the "low active" animals differ from the "high active" ones by an increased rate of alcohol elimination, enhanced duration of the fast sleep phase, a tendency towards its reduction in response to a single administration of ethanol as well as a higher level of alcohol motivation.

[Effect of isolation stress on ethanol pharmacokinetics in the blood of rats developing a taste for alcohol and in the stage of physical dependence on alcohol]. / Vliianie izoliatsionnogo stressa na farmakokinetiku étanola v krovi krys pri formirovanii alkogol'noi motivatsii i na stadii fizicheskoi zavisimosti ot alkogolia.

Head space chromatography was used to study the rate of ethanol excretion as a criterion of the activity of ethanol-oxidizing enzymatic system in rats. Isolation stress was shown to be one of the factors determining inclination to voluntary ethanol intake. The level of alcohol motivation directly correlated with the degree of stress. At the stage of physical dependence on ethanol the activity of ethanol-oxidizing enzymatic system and ethanol consumption were independent of the isolation stress, but related to profound biochemical and neurochemical variations.

[Pharmacological analysis of the participation of ethanol-oxidizing enzyme systems in ethanol metabolism at different stages of experimental alcoholism]. / Farmakologicheskii analiz uchastiia otdel'nykh étanolokisliaiushchikh fermentnykh sistem v metabolizme étanola na raznykh stadiiakh éksperimental'nogo alkogolizma.

Using head space chromatography, the pharmacological analysis of changes in the activity of ethanol-oxidizing enzymatic systems: alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase, microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system under the effect of pyrazole and aminotriazole, has been performed on the model of experimental alcoholism in rats. It was shown that the rate of ethanol elimination from the rats' blood at all stages of experimental alcoholism was determined by alcohol dehydrogenase, while catalase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system activities did not play an important role.

[Analysis of the pharmacokinetics of ethanol injected intraperitoneally and intravenously in rats with different levels of initial alcohol motivation]. / Analiz farmakokinetiki étanola pri ego vnutribriushinnom i vnutrivennom vvedenii v krovi krys s razlichnym urovnem iznachal'noi alkogol'noi tivatsii.

Ethanol pharmacokinetics was studied after its intraperitoneal and intravenous administration in rats with different initial level of alcohol motivation using gas chromatography. It was shown that in general pharmacokinetic pattern studied upon both intraperitoneal and intravenous ethanol administration (with respect to resorption and/or distribution), the rate of ethanol elimination including a number of processes leading to a decreased drug content may be an important criterion for the selection of animals with distinct initial levels of alcohol motivation.

[Correlation between the rate of ethanol elimination and the psychophysiological characteristics of rats]. / Korreliatsiia mezhdu skorost'iu éliminatsii étanola i psikhofiziologicheskimi osobennostiami krys.

Ethanol elimination from the blood of rats with different psychophysiological features was studied using gas chromatographic head-space analysis in the general complex of tests aimed at determination of ethanol consumption. The selection of animals with different levels of the initial alcohol motivation was performed according to modified Porsolt's method. It was shown that the initial level of predisposition to depression-like states is in a dose-dependent correlation with the high rate of ethanol elimination. This is suggested to be one of the genetic indications which promotes the formation of the initial alcohol motivation and the development of experimental alcoholism.

[Comparative evaluation of the biogenic amine level of the brain and the ethanol kinetics in the blood of inbred C57B1/6 and CBA mice]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka urovnia biogennykh aminov golovnogo mozga i kinetiki étanola v krovi myshei inbrednykh linii C57B1/6 i CBA.

The kinetics of ethanol in blood and the levels of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine in the cortex of cerebral hemispheres, hypothalamus, thalamus, and brain stem were studied in male C57C1/6 and CBA mice characterized by predisposition and non-predisposition to the development of experimental alcoholism. C57B1/6 mice characterized by predisposition to the development of experimental alcoholism demonstrated a high level of serotonin and noradrenaline in the hypothalamus and brain stem and high rate of ethanol elimination from the blood. CBA mice non-predisposed to the development of experimental alcoholism were characterized by a low level of serotonin and noradrenaline in the hypothalamus and brain stem and by low rate of ethanol elimination from blood.

[Effect of isolation stress on ethanol pharmacodynamics in the blood of rats]. / Vliianie izoliatsionnogo stressa na farmakokinetiku étanola v krovi krys.

Head space chromatography was used to study the rate of ethanol excretion as criterion of the activity of the ethanol-oxidizing enzymatic system. Isolational stress was shown to be one of the factors determining induction of the ethanol-oxidizing erzymatic systems. The isolation-induced activity of these systems was reduced by diazepam administration. This fact may evidence the existence of central regulation of the activity of the enzymatic systems that metabolize ethanol.

[Pharmacokinetics of ethanol in the blood of rats in various stages of chronic alcoholism]. / Farmakokinetika étanola v krovi krys na raznykh stadiiakh khronicheskoi alkogolizatsii.

Kinetics of ethanol content, as a criterion of tolerance to the substance, was studied in rat blood at various steps of experimental alcoholism by means of gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. Initial addiction to alcohol was associated with its increased metabolism in the animals. Activation of ethanol-oxidizing enzymatic systems was observed in chronic alcoholization under conditions of free choice. This activation became statistically distinct after 10 days of the contact with alcohol. The activation of ethanol metabolism was maintained within 4 months and decreased after 8 months of alcoholization.

[Effect of alcoholization on the serotonin levels of the brain and the rate of ethanol elimination in rat progeny]. / Vliianie alkogolizatsii na uroven' serotonina v golovnom mozge i skorost' éliminatsii étanola u potomstva krys.

During alcoholization of males genetically predisposed to alcoholism, the progeny showed elevated serotonin level in the hypothalamus and high rate of ethanol elimination from the blood. During alcoholization of males genetically non-predisposed to alcoholism, the progeny was marked by low rate of ethanol elimination and low serotonin level in the hypothalamus. Alcoholization of females during pregnancy led in the progeny to the reduced level of serotonin in the hypothalamus and brain stem.

[Ethanol kinetics in the blood of rats at the stage of physical ethanol dependence as well as in the period of its withdrawal]. / Izuchenie kinetiki étanola v korvi krys na stadii fizicheskoi zavisimosti ot étanola, a takzhe v period ego lisheniia.

Gas liquid chromatography was used to study the kinetics of ethanol in the blood of rats during alcohol dependence and withdrawal. Chronic alcoholization was shown to lead to a considerable increase in the activity of the ethanol-oxidizing enzymatic systems. These systems were revealed to be hyperactive during alcohol withdrawal after 8-month consumption. It is concluded that hyperactivity of the ethanol-oxidizing systems during alcohol withdrawal may play an important role in the formation of alcohol abstinence symptoms.